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Exercise 1.1

Choose the most general word of each set:

Example:

spoon, knife, crockery, fork

1. furniture, table, cupboard, sofa

2. mammal, animal, dog, pet

3. car, vehicle, traffic, van

4. keeping to diets, going in for sport, keeping fit, doing exercise

5. learn words, study language, do grammar tasks, write quizzes

Exercise 1.2

Match sets of words with topics:

Exercise 1.3 (Homonymy)

Choose the correct word (consult the dictionary if necessary):

1. To affect/effect the prices

2. To beat/beet the opponent

3. The cent/scent of herbs

4. Web cite/sight/site

5. Chili/chilly pepper

6. Complement/compliment of the chef

7. City council/counsel

8. To die/dye hair

9. Disc/disk jockey

10. Fare/fair hair

11. Finish/Finnish sauna

12. Cake made with flower/flour and eggs

13. Back and forth/fourth

14. Thunder and lightening/lightning

15. Marry/Merry Christmas

16. Minor/miner disease

17. My muscles/mussels began to ache

18. She passed/past away

19. The War and Piece/Peace

20. The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain/plane.

21. The North Pole/Poll

22. The Newtonian principle/principal of inertia

23. Sole/soul mate

24. Walk up the stairs/stares

25. Keep quiet/quite!

26. To/too/two good to be true!

27. She tied the apron around her waste/waist.

28. I am not sure weather/whether this is true or not.

Exercise 1.4 (Suffixes & Endings)

Consult the dictionary if necessary:

Exercise 1.5 (Doubling Consonants)

Mind that consonants double except for:

Rate => rated (ending with —e)

Clear => clearing (two vowels before the last consonant)

Sharp => sharper (ending with two consonants)

Benefit => benefited (three and more syllables)

Fill in the gaps where needed:

1. Transfer_ing

2. Stop_ed

3. Forbid_en

4. Commit_ing

5. Prefer_ed

6. Run_er

7. Begin_ing

8. Avoid_ing

9. Benefit_ed

10. Occur_ed

1. Parallelism:

The crowd began to wave handkerchiefs and to shout good-byes.

He entered a university and she started to work.

Keeping fit is a hobby. But playing computer games is an addiction.

2. Inversion:

Very carefully, we moved from the room into the kitchen.

What experience teaches you, you never forget.

3. Participle clauses (or subordinate clauses):

The capital of Syria is Damascus. Damascus is probably the oldest city in the world. => Being the capital of Syria, Damascus is probably the oldest city in the world. OR The capital of Syria is Damascus, probably the oldest city in the world. OR The capital of Syria is Damascus which is probably the oldest city in the world.

4. Do not overdo with so:

His parents were poor, so they couldn’t afford to send him to college => Being very poor, his parents couldn’t afford to send him to college OR His parents, who were very poor, couldn’t afford to send him to college.

5. Do not overdo with pronouns:

After lunch our friends walked around the garden, and they left in an hour. => After lunch our friends walked around the garden and left in an hour.

Exercise 1.6

Rewrite sentences using parallel constructions:

Example: Don’t go too close to that dog: it may attack you and you may be bitten => Don’t go too close to that dog: it may attack and bite you.

1. Chimpanzee is a monkey, but is related to humans.

2. The orangutans have long arms, and their hair is reddish-brown.

3. Gracefully and silent, the deer moved into the woods.

4. From the window he could see his dog in the yard. The birds on the tree were also visible.

Exercise 1.7

Rewrite the text applying inversion:

The Bermuda Isles are in the Atlantic Ocean about seven hundred miles from New York. They were discovered by Juan Bermudez in 1515. The voyagers, landing in Bermuda, stayed there for ten months. Their reports were so enthusiastic that permanent settlers soon arrived.

Exercise 1.8

Rewrite sentences applying participle and subordinate clauses or just excluding unnecessary words:

1. The girls were on their way to Montgomery. Here they hoped to find their father.

2. After lunch we were less ambitious, so we gathered our fishing and decided to go to the cinema.

3. The national parks have become very popular, so they are in danger.

4. The workers were on a strike, and they slept on their work places.

Exercise 2.1

Where are the causes and the effects in these pairs? Mind that in one pair there is no linking.

1. Mothers shouldn’t work – Children shouldn’t spend time with nannies

2. Classmates help each other – People tend to make best friends at school

3. «Honesty is the best policy» – We trust honest people

4. Fast food is tasty – McDonald’s is dangerous for health

5. «Tastes change with age» – Elderly people are more experienced and wise

Exercise 2.2

Explain your reasons (2—3):

1. I want to live in a big house with all my relatives because…

2. There is always a leader in friendship because…

3. Women should use make-up because…

4. A businessman should be selfish because…

5. I want to work in the shopping industry because…